Local overshoot and wind effects on wave overtopping at vertical coastal structures

Wind effects on wave overtopping over a fully impermeable vertical sea wall were studied numerically using the open-source computational fluid dynamics library OpenFoam. A pressure gradient correction term was incorporated in momentum equations. In recent studies, it found that, absence of wind, an increase steepness results reduction overtopping. This is related to instability standing formed at front structure. Such noticed range 0.285–0.443 from previous physical experiments for regular interacting with The existence this regime confirmed current study. It also that stability determines shape and volume overshooting jet, which has strong effect When wind relatively weak (e.g. speed 10 m/s) unable alter jet very much, meaning 30 completely deforms resulting discharge almost three times without wind.